I saw this post and had to respond. Since I too happen to have a Universal Subscription. I currently have VS .Net installed and am working with C#.
There is a separate plugin called "Smart Device Extensions for VS .Net" or something like that. Anyway you can build .Net apps for PocketPC 2002. Supposedly you can also build apps for previous CE versions, but I haven't seen much evidence of this.(and since my Ipaq runs PPC2002...)
The Smart Device support is only a beta at this point. It contains a scaled down version of MS' runtime for .Net. My biggest gripe with it is that when you go to create an app for the PPC there's no forms designer (like in desktop .Net apps). At least I can't figure out how to get it to enable. (Just a note the forms designer in the VS .Net is an awful lot like Delphi's or any of the Borland dev tools... Microsoft hired the former Chief Architect of Delphi... go figure

)
Anyways, to answer the other questions about C# and your current code), C# is different than C++. Some of your generic routines will work fine. There is a version of VC++, but I wouldn't want to make any guarantees about that one either. .Net utilizes a runtime (read Virtual Machine like Java does). There are 2 modes of operation for code managed and unmanaged. Managed code runs within the runtime and has all the features and libraries that .Net offers (which is extensive), and unmanaged code is like what you're used to working with now.
What I like about C# is that it is a simpler version of C++. It loses some of C/C++'s more advanced features. You don't have pointers in managed code, and you don't have to destroy objects when things go out of scope and are no longer used the garbage collector recycles the memory. You also don't have multiple inheritance (you do have interfaces so you can implement multiple classes, just not inherit the code). Obviously I like C#... It will be different for us in the future as far as building apps for PPC, but it looks like they have found a way that we truly can build our desktop code then recompile (or redeploy) right on the PPC (did I mention that things are JIT compiled... The good news about this point is that it's not slow...)